Number theory is a branch of mathematics which helps to study the set of positive whole numbers, say

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,. . . ,

which are also called the set of natural numbers and sometimes called “higher arithmetic”. Number theory helps to study the relationships between different sorts of numbers. Natural numbers are separated into a variety of times. Here are some of the familiar and unfamiliar examples with quick number theory introduction.

Odd Numbers – 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19…..
Even Numbers – 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 . . .
Square Numbers – 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100 . . .
Cube Numbers – 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512 . . .
Prime Numbers – 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,53, 59, 61 . . .
Composite Numbers – 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16,18, 20, 21, 22, 24 . . .
1 (modulo 4) Numbers – 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, . . .
3 (modulo 4) Numbers – 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, . . .
Triangular Numbers – 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 26, 45,. . .
Perfect Numbers – 6, 28, 496, 8128, . . .
Fibonacci Numbers -1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89. . .

Many of these types of numbers like odd, even, square, cube prime and composite numbers are already familiar to you. Other cases, such as the “modulo 4” numbers, Triangular numbers, perfect numbers and Fibonacci numbers are not familiar to you.

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Odd Numbers :

The numbers that are not evenly divided by 2 are called odd numbers.

Even Numbers :

The numbers that are evenly divided by 2 are called even numbers.

Square Numbers :

A number multiplied by itself is called square numbers

Cube Numbers :

A number multiplied by itself 3 times is called cube numbers.

Prime numbers :

If a number has only two factors: 1 and the number is called prime numbers



Composite Numbers :

Composite number has more than two factors. The composite numbers are numbers which are not prime numbers. The number 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Modulo 4 Numbers :

A number is said to ne 1 (modulo 4 ) number if it leaves a remainder 1 when divided by 4.Similarly, if a number leaves a remainder 3 when divided by 4, it is said to be 3 (modulo 4) number.

Triangular Numbers :

A number is said to be triangular number, when that number of pebbles can be arranged in a triangle using one pebble at the top, two pebbles in next row, three pebbles in next row and so on.

Fibonacci Numbers :

Fibonacci numbers are created starting with 1 and 1, then get the next number in the list and adds the previous two numbers. Say, 1+1 =2 and then adds 1+2 you get 3, then adds 2+3 gives 5, then 3+5 gives 8 and so on.

Applications of Number Theory

Here are some of the most important number theory applications. Number theory is used to find some of the important divisibility tests, whether a given integer m divides the integer n. Number theory have countless applications in mathematics as well in practical applications such as

  • Security System like in banking securities
  • E – commerce websites
  • Coding theory
  • Barcodes
  • Making of modular designs
  • Memory management system
  • Authentication system

It is also defined in hash functions, linear congruence, Pseudorandom numbers and fast arithmetic operations.

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